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A computer is a programmable electronic device that accepts raw
data as input and processes it with a set of instructions (a program) to
produce the result as output. It renders output just after performing
mathematical and logical operations and can save the output for future use. It
can process numerical as well as non-numerical calculations. The term
"computer" is derived from the Latin word "computare" which
means to calculate.
A computer is designed to execute applications and provides a
variety of solutions through integrated hardware and software components. It
works with the help of programs and represents the decimal numbers through a
string of binary digits. It also has a memory that stores the data, programs,
and result of processing. The components of a computer such as machinery that
includes wires, transistors, circuits, hard disk are called hardware. Whereas,
the programs and data are called software.
It is believed that the Analytical Engine was the first computer
which was invented by Charles Babbage in 1837. It used punch cards as read-only
memory. Charles Babbage is also known as the father of the computer.
The basic parts
without which a computer cannot work are as follows:
- Processor: It
executes instructions from software and hardware.
- Memory: It
is the primary memory for data transfer between the CPU and storage.
- Motherboard: It
is the part that connects all other parts or components of a computer.
- Storage Device: It
permanently stores the data, e.g., hard drive.
- Input Device: It
allows you to communicate with the computer or to input data, e.g., a
keyboard.
- Output Device: It
enables you to see the output, e.g., monitor.
Computers are divided
into different types based on different criteria. Based on the size, a computer
can be divided into five types:
1.
Micro Computer
2.
Mini Computer
3.
Mainframe Computer
4.
Super Computer
5.
Workstations
1. Micro Computer:
It is a single-user computer which has less speed and storage
capacity than the other types. It uses a microprocessor as a CPU. The first
microcomputer was built with 8-bit microprocessor chips. The common examples of
microcomputers include laptops, desktop computers, personal digital assistant
(PDA), tablets, and smartphones. Microcomputers are generally designed and
developed for general usage like browsing, searching for information, internet,
MS Office, social media, etc.
2. Mini Computer:
Mini-computers are also known as "Midrange Computers."
They are not designed for a single. They are multi-user computers designed to
support multiple users simultaneously. So, they are generally used by small
businesses and firms. Individual departments of a company use these computers
for specific purposes. For example, the admission department of a University
can use a Mini-computer for monitoring the admission process.
3. Mainframe Computer:
It is also a multi-user computer capable of supporting thousands
of users simultaneously. They are used by large firms and government
organizations to run their business operations as they can store and process
large amounts of data. For example, Banks, universities, and insurance
companies use mainframe computers to store the data of their customers,
students, and policyholders, respectively.
4. Super Computer:
Super-computers are the fastest and most expensive computers
among all types of computers. They have huge storage capacities and computing
speeds and thus can perform millions of instructions per second. The
super-computers are task-specific and thus used for specialized applications
such as large-scale numerical problems in scientific and engineering
disciplines including applications in electronics, petroleum engineering,
weather forecasting, medicine, space research and more. For example, NASA uses
supercomputers for launching space satellites and monitoring and controlling
them for space exploration.
5. Work stations:
It is a single-user computer. Although it is like a personal
computer, it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor
than a microcomputer. In terms of storage capacity and speed, it comes between
a personal computer and minicomputer. Work stations are generally used for
specialized applications such as desktop publishing, software development, and
engineering designs.
Benefits of Using a
Computer:
- Increases your productivity: A computer increases your productivity. For
example, after having a basic understanding of a word processor, you can
create, edit, store, and print the documents easily and quickly.
- Connects to the Internet: It connects you to the internet that allows you
to send emails, browse content, gain information, use social media
platforms, and more. By connecting to the internet, you can also connect
to your long-distance friends and family members.
- Storage: A
computer allows you to store a large amount of information, e.g., you can
store your projects, ebooks, documents, movies, pictures, songs, and more.
- Organized Data and Information: It not only allows you to store data but also
enables you to organize your data. For example, you can create different
folders to store different data and information and thus can search for
information easily and quickly.
- Improves your abilities: It helps write good English if you are not good
at spelling and grammar. Similarly, if you are not good at math, and don't
have a great memory, you can use a computer to perform calculations and
store the results.
- Assist the physically challenged: It can be used to help the physically challenged,
e.g., Stephen Hawking, who was not able to speak used computer to speak.
It also can be used to help blind people by installing special software to
read what is on the screen.
- Keeps you entertained: You can use the computer to listen to songs,
watch movies, play games and more.
The computer has become a part of our life. There are plenty of
things that we do in a day are dependent on a computer. Some of the common
examples are as follows:
1.
ATM: While withdrawing
cash from an ATM, you are using a computer that enables the ATM to take
instructions and dispense cash accordingly.
2.
Digital currency: A computer keeps a record of your transactions and balance
in your account and the money deposited in your account in a bank is stored as
a digital record or digital currency.
3.
Trading: Stock markets use
computers for day to day trading. There are many advanced algorithms based on
computers that handle trading without involving humans.
4.
Smartphone: The
smartphone that we use throughout the day for calling, texting, browsing is
itself a computer.
5.
VoIP: All voice over IP
communication (VoIP) is handled and done by computers.
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